Bose einstein condensates article pdf available in uspekhi fizicheskih nauk 1676 december 2005 with 1,223 reads how we measure reads. I a mean eld approach leads to the grosspitaevskii equation which has to be ful lled by the singleparticle wave functions in order to minimize the total energy in the system. Several nontrivial issues in boseeinstein condensation. Stringari, boseeinstein condensation, clarendon press. Einstein 192425 extended boses idea to material particles predicted bec in an ideal quantum gas i w. Series of monographs on physics oxford university press 2003 theory of boseeinstein condensation in trapped gases. Models considered include 2d and 3d grosspitaevskii equations, nordheim quantum kinetic equation, boltzmann equation and 1d nonlinear equation for optical wt in nematic liquid crystals. Pdf theory of boseeinstein condensation in trapped gases. The phenomenon of boseeinstein condensation, initially predicted by bose 1 and einstein 2. Pdf boseeinstein condensation of exciton polaritons.
The nature of superfuidity and boseeinstein condensation. Boseeinstein condensation in this section we discuss the thermodynamic properties of the ideal bose gas. The bosons collapse into this state in circumstances of extremely low temperature, near the value of absolute zero. Boseeinstein condensate bec, a state of matter in which separate atoms or subatomic particles, cooled to near absolute zero 0 k. This provides the theory of how condensation of bosons occurs at very low temperatures. Boseeinstein condensation in dilute gases in 1925 einstein. Boseeinstein condensation in 1924 published in 1925, einstein predicted a novel kind of condensation in a gas of noninteracting bosons he considered n particles in a box of volume v and reasoned that the number of particles in the lowest quantum state p 0 would. The boseeinstein condensate bec is a macroscopic quantum state of matter. Lev pitaevskii at universita degli studi di trento. I acknowledge the use of materials and slides from w. This phenomenon, first predicted by einstein in 1925 has been realized experimentally in 1995 in a remarkable series of experiments whose importance has been recognized by the award of the 2001 nobel prize in physics.
Boseeinstein condensation and superfluidity in trapped. This book is an introductory text to the physics of boseeinstein condensation. The authors also make sense of key experiments from the past twenty years with a. To study the condensate we use the grosspitaevskii equation, with arbitrary non linearity. Boseeinstein condensation and superfluidity paperback. At tc, the heat capacity exceeds its classical value. We show that spatial boseeinstein condensation of noninteracting bosons occurs in dimension d 2 over discrete structures with inhomogeneous topology and with no need of external confining potentials. Conclusions i below a critical temperature t c boseeinstein condensation takes place. It is thought to have played a part in the evolution of the early universe when the particles and forces formed, and the outer layers of a neutron star may well consist of a bec of exotic subatomic particles. Boseeinstein condensate is a rare state or phase of matter in which a large percentage of bosons collapse into their lowest quantum state, allowing quantum effects to be observed on a macroscopic scale. This phenomenon, first predicted by einstein in 1925 has been. The interacting bose gas with repulsive potential is considered in the polymer representation and some of the yet unsolved mathematical questions for establishing the existence of bose condensation in this setting are discussed. Dalfovo f, giorgini s, pitaevskii l p and stringari s 1999 theory of boseeinstein condensation in trapped gases, rev.
Bose 1924 quantum statistical treatment of photons i a. Dynamics of boseeinstein condensates in trapped atomic. Pdf boseeinstein condensation with spinorbit coupling. A boseeinstein condensate is a state of matter of a dilute gas of bosons cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero. Boseeinstein condensation represents a new state of matter and is one of the cornerstones of quantum physics, resulting in the 2001 nobel prize. T c, the particles merge into the boseeinstein condensate bec, in which a macroscopic. Einstein immediately agreed with bose, and they described the indistinguishability of photons and bose einstein statistics. The aim of the infmcnr research and development center on boseeinstein condensation bec is to promote theoretical research on the various phenomena related to boseeinstein condensation and to the physics of cold atomic gases in traps.
A boseeinstein condensate bec is a state of matter also called the fifth state of matter which is typically formed when a gas of bosons at low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero 273. This form of matter was predicted in 1924 by albert einstein on the basis of. Boseeinstein condensation of photons in an optical. Boseeinstein condensation of exciton polaritons nature. Boseeinstein condensation romanian reports in physics. Lectures on the boseeinstein condensation valentin a.
This barcode number lets you verify that youre getting exactly the right version or edition of a book. K kelvin, coalesce into a single quantum mechanical entitythat is, one that can be described by a wave functionon a nearmacroscopic scale. Ketterle nobel lecture 2001 and his talk given at mits teachers program 240603. Basic meanfield theory for boseeinstein condensates. Boseeinstein condensation of an ideal gas an ideal gas consisting of noninteracting bose particles is a.
Nevertheless, such a mathematical model provides the simplest example for the realization of boseeinstein condensation. Wieman 1995 produced the rst gaseous condensate nobel price of physics 2001 about boseeinstein condensation bec history of bec 4 28 c. Note that it would require a proper treatment to show how cv for t tc. Grosspitaevskii dynamics of boseeinstein condensates and. Some have integer spins and can be expected to obey boseeinstein statistics like traditional particles. Boseeinstein condensation 52 1 2 cvnk tt 1 2 c for higher temperatures, we observe that cv approaches its classical limiting value of 3 2 nk, as predicted by the equipartition theorem. A boseeinstein condensate bec, a state of matter consisting of a dilute gas of bosons cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero, was originally hypothesized by bose and einstein in 1924, although the first bec was only produced experimentally in 1995, winning the researchers cornell, ketterle and wieman a nobel prize. In this chapter, wave turbulence wt in boseeinstein condensates bec and nonlinear optics is considered. Additional literature about boseeinstein condensation can be found in. Josephson junction arrays provide a physical realization of this mechanism. Derivation of the grosspitaevskii equation for the dynamics of boseeinstein condensate the harvard community has made this article openly available. Boseeinstein condensation is a fundamental phenomenon of nature. Grosspitaevskii equation in boseeinstein condensates.
Boseeinstein condensation can occur in quasiparticles, particles that are effective descriptions of collective excitations in materials. What is a bose einstein condensate and what are its. Providing a useful introduction to one of the most exciting field of physics today, this text will be of interest. Theory of boseeinstein condensation in trapped gases. Boseeinstein condensation in inhomogeneous josephson. Pdf on dec 8, 2005, franco dalfovo and others published bose einstein. Meanfield theory provides a framework to understand the main features of the condensation and the role of interactions between particles. Pdf the phenomenon of boseeinstein condensation of dilute. Written by world renowned experts in the field, this book gives a comprehensive overview of exciting developments in boseeinstein condensation and superfluidity from a theoretical perspective. Conditions for condensation of various quasiparticles have been predicted and observed. These phases merge in a characteristic tricritical point. Under such conditions, a large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum state, at which point microscopic quantum phenomena, particularly wavefunction interference. In this state, a large fraction of the bosons occupy the lowest quantum state so that macroscopic quantum phenomena are in evidence.
We consider the case of spinless bosons so there is no spin factor in the density of states of section 4. Ultracold atomic gases is a rapidly developing area of physics that attracts many young researchers around the world. Bose in 1924 predicted a different statistics for the light quanta and derived plancks radiation formula through very simple arguments. Boseeinstein condensation under the cubicquintic gross. Boseeinstein condensation and free dkp field sciencedirect. Bose einstein condensation definition, a phase of matter in which all bosons in a given physical system have been cooled to a temperature near absolute zero and enter the same quantum state.
Boseeinstein condensates confined in traps exhibit unique features which have been the object of extensive experimental and theoretical studies in the last few years. Please join the simons foundation and our generous member organizations in supporting. In this paper i will discuss some issues concerning the behaviour of the order parameter and the dynamic and superfluid effects exhibited by such systems. Derivation of the grosspitaevskii equation for the. Various properties of these systems are discussed, including the density profiles and the energy of the ground state configurations, the. Physics stack exchange is a question and answer site for active researchers, academics and students of physics. T c, the particles merge into the bose einstein condensate bec, in which a macroscopic. The study of boseeinstein condensates in dilute gases encompasses a number of. Pdf the recent realization of synthetic spinorbit coupling represents an outstanding. A good reference is the book boseeinstein condensation in.
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